Executive Summary
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Intellectual property rights are an important part of the GM food debate. Problems of assuring equal access to genetic resources, sharing benefits on a global level, and avoiding monopolization exist for GM food as for other uses of gene technology. Related to this are concerns about a growing influence of the chemical industry in seed markets. Sustainable agriculture and biodiversity are likely to benefit most when a rich variety of crops are planted, and a potential exclusive use of certain chemical-resistant GM crops could be seen to create dependency. □ Conflicting assessments and incomplete substantiation of the benefits, risks and limitations of GM food have added to existing controversies. During a famine situation in southern Africa in 2002, the reluctance among several recipient countries to receive GM food aid was not primarily linked to health or environment issues, but to socioeconomic, ownership and ethical issues. Such controversies have not only highlighted the wide range of opinions within and between Member States, but alsothe existing diversity in regulatory frameworks and principles for assessing the benefits and risks of GM food. In addition many developing countries cannot afford to build the separate capacities required for effective regulation of GM foods, which again underlines the benefits that could be derived from international work for broader evaluations of GM food applications. □ At the international level, 15 legally-binding instruments and nonbinding codes of practice address some aspect of GMOs. Such sector-based regulations increase the already overstretched capacity of developing countries, and present challenges to develop a fully coherent policy and regulatory framework for modern biotechnology. This study makes the case for the need for an evidence base to facilitate a more coherent evaluation of the application of modern food biotechnology and the use of GM foods. Such an evidence base should: deal with the assessment of human health and environmental risk as well as benefit; evaluate socioeconomic factors including intellectual property rights; and consider ethical aspects. International harmonization in all these areas is a prerequisite for the prudent, safe and sustainable development of the potential of any new technology, including the use of biotechnology to produce food. Work towards such harmonization can only move forward through inter-sectoral collaboration and would therefore necessarily extend beyond the WHO mandate, into the mandates of several other international Organizations. This report should be seen as one possible starting point for further such inter-sectoral discussions. |
知的所有権は遺伝子組み換え食物討論の重要な部分です。 遺伝資源への平等なアクセスを保障する問題、グローバルなレベルで利益を共有するという問題、独占を避けるという問題は、遺伝子技術の他の用途と同様に、GM食物に存在しています。 これに関連されるのは、種子市場での化学工業の影響が増大していることへの心配です。 バラエティー豊かな作物が植わっているとき、持続的農業と生物の多様性は最も利益を得るようです。そして、化学的に抵抗力があるGM作物の潜在的・排他的独占使用は、依存を引き起こすようです。 □ GM食物の利益、危険、および限界への衝突的な査定と不完全な実証状態は、既存の論争の一助となりました。 □ 国際的なレベルでは、法的拘束力がある15の機関と拘束力がない実施規則がGMOsの何らかの局面を記述します。 |
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